Diyarbakır Plant Protection Research Institute, Department of Entomology, Diyarbakır
Abstract
Broflanilide as a meta-diamide insecticide can effectively suppress diverse herbivorous insect pests including both chewing and piercing-sucking species. However, its integration in Integrated pest management (IPM) programs requires a thorough evaluation of potential adverse effects on beneficial organisms, particularly egg parasitoids. This study assesses the sublethal effects of a reduced concentration of broflanilide on the demographic performance of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pintoi Voegele (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) using the age–stage, two-sex life table approach following pupal exposure. Broflanilide exposure shortened reproductive periods by reducing female and male longevity as well as oviposition (parasitism) duration. Moreover, population-level traits, including the intrinsic rate of increase ( ), net reproductive rate ( ), and finite rate of increase ( ), were significantly impaired. Conversely, doubling time (DT), gross reproductive rate (GRR), and mean generation time (T) remained unchanged following treatment. The observed decline in fecundity was primarily linked to a higher proportion of infertile females rather than reduced reproductive capacity among surviving individuals. Furthermore, age-stage survival rate ( ), reproductive value ( ), life expectancy ( ), and maternity function ( ) demonstrated negative responses to broflanilide exposure. Collectively, these results indicate that broflanilide may disrupt population establishment of T. pintoi and should be carefully evaluated when incorporated into IPM strategies involving biological control agents.
Keywords
Biological control,fecundity,integrated pest management,life table theory,novel insecticide,parasitism
How to Cite
TONĞA, A. (2026). Adverse Effects of Broflanilide on the Demographic Parameters and Life Cycle of the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma pintoi. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(3), 959–973. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22287782
📄Ahmed, F.S., Çaycı, D., Erdem, E., Tunca Cosic, H., İnak, E., 2025. Sublethal effects of broflanilide and isocycloseram on Spodoptera littoralis and associated natural enemies. Journal of Pest Science, 98(4): 2519–2530.
📄Calvo‐Agudo, M., Tooker, J.F., Dicke, M., Tena, A., 2022. Insecticide‐contaminated honeydew: risks for beneficial insects. Biological Reviews, 97(2): 664–678.
📄Chi, H., 1988. Life-table analysis incorporating both sexes and variable development rates among individuals. Environmental Entomology, 17(1): 26–34.
📄Chi, H., Güncan, A., Kavousi, A., Gharakhani, G., Atlihan, R., Özgökçe, M.S., Shirazi, J., Amir-Maafi, M., Maroufpoor, M., Taghizadeh, R., 2022. TWOSEX-MSChart: the key tool for life table research and education. Entomologia Generalis, 42(6): 845–849.
📄Chi, H., Kavousi, A., Gharekhani, G., Atlihan, R., Salih Özgökçe, M., Güncan, A., Gökçe, A., Smith, C.L., Benelli, G., Guedes, R.N. C., Amir-Maafi, M., Shirazi, J., Taghizadeh, R., Maroufpoor, M., Xu, Y.Y., Zheng, F.Q., Ye, B.H., Chen, Z.Z., You, M.S., Fu, J.W., Li, J.Y., Shi, M.Z., Hu, Z.Q., Zheng, C.Y., Luo, L., Yuan, Z.L., Zang, L.S., Chen, Y.M., Tuan, S.J., Lin, Y.Y., Wang, H.H., Gotoh, T., Shaef Ullah, M., Botto-Mahan, C., De Bona, S., Bussaman, P., Gabre, R.M., Saska, P., Schneider, M.I., Ullah, F., Desneux, N., 2023. Advances in theory, data analysis, and application of the age-stage, two-sex life table for demographic research, biological control, and pest management. Entomologia Generalis, 43(4): 705–732.
📄Chi, H., Liu, H., 1985. Two new methods for the study of insect population ecology. Bulletin of Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 24(2): 225–240.
📄Chi, H., Su, H.Y. 2006. Age-stage, two-sex life tables of Aphidius gifuensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) with mathematical proof of the relationship between female fecundity and the net reproductive rate. Environmental Entomology, 35(1): 10–21.
📄Chi, H., You, M., Atlıhan, R., Smith, C.L., Kavousi, A., Özgökçe, M.S., Güncan, A., Tuan, S.J., Fu, J.W., Xu, Y.Y., Zheng, F.Q., Ye, B.H., Chu, D., Yu, Y., Gharekhani, G., Saska, P., Gotoh, T., Schneider, M.I., Bussaman, P., Gökçe, A., Liu, T.X., 2020. Age-stage, two-sex life table: an introduction to theory, data analysis, and application. Entomologia Generalis, 40(2): 103–124.
📄Cong, Y., Chen, J., Xie, Y., Wang, Y., Cheng, C., 2023. Toxicity and sublethal effects of diamide insecticides on key non-target natural predators, the larvae of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Toxics, 11(3): 270.
📄Cônsoli, F.L., Botelho, P.S.M., Parra, J.R.P., 2001. Selectivity of insecticides to the egg parasitoid Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988, (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 125(1–2): 37–43.
📄Costa, M.A., Farias, E.S., Passos, L.C., Carvalho, V.C., Carvalho, G.A., 2022. Side effects of insecticides applied to cotton on adult Trichogramma pretiosum by three exposure routes. Pest Management Science, 78(5): 1895–1902.
📄de Paiva, A.C.R., Iost Filho, F.H., Parro, E.A., Barbosa, D.P.L., Yamamoto, P.T., 2020. Do ready-mix insecticides cause lethal and sublethal effects on Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Pupa? Journal of Economic Entomology, 113(3): 1227–1233.
📄Desneux, N., Denoyelle, R., Kaiser, L., 2006. A multi-step bioassay to assess the effect of the deltamethrin on the parasitic wasp Aphidius ervi. Chemosphere, 65(10): 1697–1706.
📄Dinçel Sağlam, H., Özder, N., 2020. Side effects of some insecticides used in ınsect pest management on egg parasitoid, trichogramma pintoi using in agricultural control. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17(2): 229–238.
📄Dutcher, J.D., 2007. A Review of resurgence and replacement causing pest outbreaks in IPM. In General concepts in integrated pest and disease management (pp. 27–43). Springer Netherlands.
📄Fathipour, Y., Maleknia, B., 2016. Mite Predators. In Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security (pp. 329–366). Elsevier.
📄Felsot, A.S., Rack, K.D., 2006. Chemical pest control technology: benefits, disadvantages, and continuing roles in crop production systems. In ACS Symposium Series, 947: 1–18.
📄Goodman, D., 1982. Optimal life histories, optimal notation, and the value of reproductive value. The American Naturalist, 119(6): 803–823.
📄Granger, B.E., Perez, F., 2021. Jupyter: Thinking and storytelling with code and data. Computing in Science and Engineering, 23(2): 7–14.
📄Idrees, A., Qadir, Z. A., Afzal, A., Ranran, Q., Li, J., 2022. Laboratory efficacy of selected synthetic insecticides against second instar invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. PlosOne, 17(5): e0265265.
📄Jia, Z.Q., Zhan, E.L., Zhang, S.G., Jones, A.K., Zhu, L., Wang, Y.N., Huang, Q.T., Han, Z.J., Zhao, C.Q., 2022. Sublethal doses of broflanilide prevents molting in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda via altering molting hormone biosynthesis. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 181: 105017.
📄Li, R., Cheng, S., Chen, Z., Guo, T., Liang, P., Zhen, C., Wang, J., Zhang, L., Liang, P., Gao, X., 2022. Establishment of toxicity and susceptibility baseline of broflanilide for Aphis gossypii Glove. Insects, 13(11): 1033.
📄Lin, H., Yang, Y., Li, N., Liu, S., Yang, L., Cheng, Y., Sheng, H., Li, H., Wen, W., Guo, Y. and Zhang, Y., 2024. Risk assessment of broflanilide for human and non-target terrestrial organisms in cauliflower production. Environmental Research, 248: 118327.
📄Nakao, T., Banba, S., 2016. Broflanilide: A meta-diamide insecticide with a novel mode of action. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 24(3): 372–377.
📄Noboa, M., Barreiro, A., Merino, J., Espinoza, J., Viera, W., Mora, E., Vásquez, W., 2026. Effects of pesticides commonly used in avocado on Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): A potential biological control agent for Stenoma catenifer. Insects, 17(7): 728.
📄Sai, X., YaJian, W., BaoTong, L., XuGen, S., ZhongHua, X., 2019. Toxicity of broflanilide on major rice pests and its influence on natural enemies in paddy fields. Journal of Plant Protection, 46(3): 574-581.
📄Shen, N., Li, Y., Leviticus, K., Chang, X.L., Tang, T., Cui, L., Han, Z.J., Zhao, C.Q., 2021. Effect of broflanilide on the phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae and the predatory mite Typhlodromips swirskii. Pest Management Science, 77(6): 2964–2970.
📄Shen, N., Liu, H.Y., Mou, T.Y., Ma, Y.B., Li, Y., Song, Z.J., Tang, T., Han, Z.J., Zhao, C.Q., 2022. Novel meta-diamide insecticide, broflanilide, suppresses the population of common cutworm Spodoptera litura through its lethal and sublethal effects. Pest Management Science, 78(3): 1081–1089.
📄Siddiqui, J.A., Fan, R., Naz, H., Bamisile, B.S., Hafeez, M., Ghani, M.I., Wei, Y., Xu, Y., Chen, X., 2023. Insights into insecticide-resistance mechanisms in invasive species: Challenges and control strategies. Frontiers in Physiology, 13: 1112278.
📄Sparks, T.C., Crossthwaite, A.J., Nauen, R., Banba, S., Cordova, D., Earley, F., Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, U., Fujioka, S., Hirao, A., Karmon, D., Kennedy, R., Nakao, T., Popham, H.J.R., Salgado, V., Watson, G.B., Wedel, B.J., Wessels, F.J., 2020. Insecticides, biologics and nematicides: Updates to IRAC’s mode of action classification - a tool for resistance management. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 167: 104587.
📄Tabebordbar, F., Shishehbor, P., Ziaee, M., Sohrabi, F., 2020. Lethal and sublethal effects of two new insecticides spirotetramat and flupyradifurone in comparison to conventional insecticide deltamethrin on Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 23(4): 1114–1119.
📄Tang, T., Hu, F., Wang, P., Fu, W., Liu, X., 2021. Broflanilide effectively controls Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua exhibiting diverse susceptibilities to chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate. Pest Management Science, 77(3): 1262–1272.
📄Tonğa, A., 2026. Oral ingestion of avermectin and diamide insecticides causes divergent impairments in survival, flight behavior, and parasitism performance of Trichogramma evanescens and T. pintoi. Journal of Pest Science, 99(1): 33.
📄Tonğa, A., Erkek, M., 2025. Preimaginal treatment of Trichogramma evanescens and T. pintoi with two novel insecticides, afidopyropen and broflanilide: the lethal, sublethal and transgenerational effects. Journal of Pest Science, 98(2): 769–781.
📄Tonğa, A., Erkek, M., Ali, J., Fathipour, Y., Özder, N., 2024. A comparative approach for life history and functional response demonstrates similar survival strategies for Trichogramma evanescens and T. pintoi. Pest Management Science, 80(11): 5630–5639.
📄Wang, Y., Chen, L., Yu, R., Zhao, X., Wu, C., Cang, T., Wang, Q., 2012. Insecticide toxic effects on Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Pest Management Science, 68(12): 1564–1571.
📄Wei, M., Chi, H., Guo, Y., Li, X., Zhao, L., Ma, R., 2020. Demography of Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Reared on four cultivars of Pyrus bretschneideri (Rosales: Rosaceae) and P. communis pears with estimations of confidence ıntervals of specific life table statistics. Journal of Economic Entomology, 113(5): 2343–2353.
📄Wu, S., Jiang, Q., Xia, Z., Sun, Z., Mu, Q., Huang, C., Song, F., Yin, M., Shen, J., Li, H., Yan, S., 2024. Perfect cooperative pest control via nano-pesticide and natural predator: High predation selectivity and negligible toxicity toward predatory stinkbug. Chemosphere, 355: 141784.
📄Yang, H.Z., Zhang, S.W., Yang, H., Ding, B., Zhang, C., He, L., Yang, M.F., 2024. Safety evaluation and sublethal effect of broflanilide on Aphidius gifuensis. Environmental Entomology, 53(4): 629–639.
📄Zucchi, R.A., Querino, R.B., Monteiro, R.C., 2009. Diversity and hosts of Trichogramma in the new world, with emphasis in south America. In F. L. Consoli, J.R.P. Parra, R.A. Zucchi (Eds.), Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma (pp. 219–236). Springer Netherlands.
