ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Effect of Mycorrhiza Applications on Some Biochemical Properties of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Grown under Salt Stress Conditions

Erol ORAL, Rüveyde TUNÇTÜRK, Murat TUNÇTÜRK, Lütfi NOHUTÇU, Ezelhan ŞELEM — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This study was carried out to determine the effects of mycorrhizal applications (AMF) on some biochemical changes in soybeans (Glycine max L.) under salt stress (control, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM). At the end of the research, chlorophyll in soybeans was determined in line with the effects of the applied factors. Properties such as (32.9-43.0 dx), leaf area index (7.2-17.7 cm²), flavonol (0.36-0.70 dx), anthocyanin (0.01-0.03 dx) and NBI (32.3-47.9 mg g^-1) were examined. In the results of working, chlorophyll, leaf area index and nitrogen balans index (NBI) values decreased under salt stress, flavonol and anthocyanin values increased. According to these results, it has been determined that AMF applications against salt stress have a regulating and reducing effect on some biochemical properties.

Determination of the Promising Advanced Bread Wheat Lines in Terms of Quality Traits in the Thrace Region

Ozan ÇALIŞKAN, Alpay BALKAN — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This study was carried out in Tekirdağ-Hayrabolu and Edirne locations in order to investigate some advanced bread wheat lines in terms of some quality traits under the conditions of Thrace Region during 2020-2021 wheat growing period. The study also aimed to identify promising advanced bread wheat lines with product quality suitable for the Thrace Region, which are suitable for registration and have gene source potential. In the experiments, 10 advanced bread wheat lines (NZFE 197, NZFE 199, NZFE 200, NZFE 201, NZFE 202, NZFE 204, NZFE 209, NZFE 213, NZFE 215 and NZFE 218) and 5 standard bread wheat varieties (Gelibolu, Selimiye, Rumeli, NKÜ Lider and Esperia) were used as materials. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Protein ratio, wet gluten content, gluten index, zeleny sedimentation value and delayed sedimentation value were investigated in the study. It was determined that protein ratio 11.95%-14.98, wet gluten content 26.83-34.83 %, gluten index 85.33-96.00 %, zeleny sedimentation value 33.17-55.50 ml and delayed sedimentation value 42.33-69.83 ml were varied. The best results after our standard varieties were obtained from advanced lines. In conclusion, it can be said that NZFE 204 and NZFE 213 advanced lines for quality traits are promising variety candidates for Thrace Region. These lines were taken into registration experiments for re-testing.

Evaluation of Heterosis and Heterobeltiosis for Spike-Related Traits in F1 and F2 Populations of Hexaploid Bread Wheat

Hüseyin GÜNGÖR — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The study aimed to evaluate the heterosis and heterobeltiosis of F₁ and F₂ bread wheat populations, comprising twenty crosses for spike characters during the 2019-20 and 2020-21 cropping seasons in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the research spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, and grain yield were investigated. Results revealed that genotypes (parents, F₁ and F₂ populations) were differed significantly (P≤0.01) for all studied traits. Genotypes in both F₁ and F₂ populations demonstrated higher averages compared to the parents across the investigated traits. In the F₁ population, the maximum heterosis and heterobelthiosis were recorded at Köprü/Glosa and Ginra/Lucilla (30.88 and 29.92 %) for spike length, Krasunia odeska/Rumeli (25.96 and 19.60 %) for number of spikelets per spike, Köprü/Glosa and Krasunia odeska/Glosa (66.76 and 62.83 %) for grain number per spike, Krasunia odeska/Glosa and Krasunia odeska/Rumeli (85.97 and 52.57 %) for grain weight per spike and Rumeli/Lucilla and Krasunia odeska/Glosa (108.54 and 100.96 %) for grain yield respectively. The highest heterosis and heterobeltiosis values were recorded in the F₂ population; Ginra/Lucilla (15.15 and 14.20 %) for spike length, Krasunia odeska/Aslı (30.99 and 26.55 %) for spikelet numbers per spike, Glosa/Aslı (47.76 and 45.29 %) for grain number per spike, Glosa/Aslı and Krasunia odeska/Rumeli (35.16 % and 28.28 %) for grain weight per spike and Krasunia odeska/Rumeli and Rumeli/Lucilla (87.43 and 80.58 %) for grain yield respectively. These crosses could be further utilized in breeding programs to obtain superior individuals in advanced generations, enriching spike-related traits.

Characterization of Some Properties of Soils Formed on Basalt Parent Material Using Spectroradiometric and Geostatistical Techniques

Fatma KAPLAN, Ali Volkan BİLGİLİ — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

High soil variability necessitates a large number of samples, which poses disadvantages in terms of labor, time, and economic and environmental impacts. Utilizing spectroradiometers and geostatistical methods can lead to significant savings in chemical inputs and time. In this study, sixty surface soil samples from basaltic parent material areas were analyzed in the laboratory for their physical (clay, silt, sand), chemical (pH, EC, exchangeable cations: Ca, Mg, Na, K, CEC, percent CaCO3) and biological (soil organic matter; OM100mμ, OM2mm) properties. Spectral and geostatistical methods were employed to estimate and map these properties. Spectral reflectance were obtained within the 350 to 2500 nm wavelength range. Modeling the relationships between laboratory measurements and spectral readings were performed using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). Additionally, geostatistical techniques such as Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Ordinary Kriging (OK), and Cokriging (COK) were utilized to generate maps illustrating the spatial distribution of soil parameters. The accuracy of the predictions were evaluated using RMSE (Root Mean Square of Estimation) parameter. The predictive success of prediction techniques varied depending on the specific soil property under investigation. The VNIRS-PLSR method achieved the highest accuracy and the lowest RMSE values for parameters such as organic matter, sand, clay contents, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and electrical conductivity (EC). Conversely, geostatistical methods yielded the lowest RMSE results for parameters such as lime (CaCO3), pH, silt, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable K, exchangeable Na, and exchangeable Mg. The application of the COK technique using a secondary variable resulted in a 1 % to 19 % increase in prediction success compared to OK and IDW techniques. Overall, each estimation technique has its own advantages and disadvantages, which should be taken into consideration in the selection of the technique for prediction of soil variables.

Determination of Vitamin, Phytosterol and Fatty Acid Content of Salvia hypargeia Fisch. & C.A Mey. Leaves

Mahire BAYRAMOĞLU AKKOYUN — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

In the presented study; It was aimed to determine the vitamin, phytosterol and fatty acid contents of Salvia hypargeia leaves, which grow endemic in Turkey and are examined among the important species of the Salvia genus. Evaluation of fatty acids using GC; vitamin and phytosterol amounts were determined by HPLC device. Fatty acid contents of Salvia hypargeia leaves are as follows; 14:0 (Myristic acid) 2.91 %, 16:0 (Palmitic acid) 39.66 %; 18:0 (Stearic acid) 6.29 %; 20:0 (Eicosanoic acid) 2.37 %; 15:1 (Pentadecanoic acid) 3.68 %; 16:1 n-7 (Palmitoleic acid) 3.32; 18:1 n-9 (Oleic acid) 7.77 %; 18:2 n-6 (Linoleic acid) 7.18 %; 18:3 n-3 (α-linolenic acid) 24.88 %; 20:3 (Eicosatrienoic acid) was determined as 1.92 %.Vitamin contents such as K1(phylloquinone), alpha-tocopherol, retinol are 1.48±0.03(µg g^-1), 23.76±1.57(µg g^-1), 0.27±0.05 (µg g^-1), respectively phytosterol contents such as ergosterol, stigmasterol and beta sterol were calculated as 60.39±2.15(µg g^-1), 17.25±2.06 (µg g^-1), 76.31±2.71 (µg g^-1). In conclusion; the leaves of the Salvia hypargeia plant are rich in fatty acids, especially 16:0 (Palmitic acid), 18:1 n-9 (Oleic acid) and 18:3 n-3 (α-linolenic acid), as well as alpha-tocopherol content, one of the important antioxidant vitamins. determined. It was determined that the plant's phytosterol content was in good condition.

Determination of Physiological, Quality and Yield Characteristics of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes in Spring Sowing

Seval ELİŞ , Ferhat KIZILGEÇİ, Emine SINIR , Mehmet YILDIRIM — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Global climate change has a major negative impact on sustainable crop production. Drought and heat stress during wheat growth and development are the most important factors affecting wheat yield and quality. The study was carried out in Diyarbakır in the 2023 production season. In the study, 14 genotypes obtained from International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) and Empire Plus, Hilar and Amida were used as standard varieties. SPAD (Flag leaf chlorophyll content), NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), plant height, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, protein content and starch content were investigated. Significant differences were found among genotypes for all traits, with the exception of NDVI values. Due to spring sowing, there was a noticeable drop in both grain yield and 1000 grain weight values, and the plant height was severely reduced. Protein and starch content values increased. According to correlation analysis, there was a positive significant relationship between SPAD and 1000-grain weight and protein content and a positive significant relationship between NDVI and grain yield. The biplot study indicated that genotypes G13, Amida, and Empire Plus exhibit exceptional suitability for heat-stressed circumstances. These genotypes can be utilized as parental lines in breeding research due to their stability and remarkable performance in terms of grain yield potential. The findings indicate that farmers who are have to sow wheat in spring can achieve satisfactory yields as long as they engage irrigate.

Effects of Paclobutrazol, Prohexadione Calcium and Chlormequat Chloride Applications on Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Seedling Quality

İbrahim DUMAN, Yahya NAS — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Nowadays, bioregulators are utilized to control seedling height. In this study, the effects of paclobutrazol, prohexadione calcium and chlormequat chloride on seedling quality and seedling growth of pepper, tomato and eggplant were investigated. Yalova Yağlık-28 pepper variety, SC-2121 tomato variety and Aydın black eggplant variety were used in the study. The active ingredients of paclobutrazol, prohexadione calcium (10 %) and chlormequat chloride (460 g l^-1) were used in the experiment. Foliar sprays were applied at the 1st leaf developmental stage, 2nd leaf developmental stage and both 1st and 2nd leaf developmental stages. Seedling weight, stem length, stem diameter, number of true leaves, seedling root length, stem dry weight and root dry weight were analyzed. The results showed that paclobutrazol, prohexadione calcium and chlormequat chloride treatments increased seedling weight in pepper and eggplant seedlings. Similarly, all three treatments shortened seedling height in pepper, tomato and eggplant seedlings. The shortest seedlings were obtained from paclobutrazol treatment. While tomato stem dry weight decreased with the treatments, root dry weight increased. Pepper root dry weight decreased with paclobutrazol, prohexadione calcium and chlormequat chloride treatments. According to the results of the study, paclobutrazol, prohexadione calcium and chlormequat chloride treatments were used to control the height of pepper, tomato and eggplant seedlings.

Effect of Adding Different Ratios of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Cracks on the Silage Quality of Fodder Pea (Pisum arvense L.)

Hazım Serkan TENİKECİER, Ertan ATEŞ — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Silage is an optimal method for preserving high-quality forage and forage legumes are vital feed resources for ruminants and can be utilized in various forms, including hay, silage, and grazing. The fodder peas is a versatile crop, utilized for grain production, herbage, hay, pasture, green manure, and silage, either as a monoculture or in combination with cereals. Feeds such as fodder peas, characterized by high levels of crude protein, mineral content, and buffering capacity, but low levels of water-soluble carbohydrates, require the addition of specific additives to enhance silage fermentation. The research was conducted to determine the effect of the cracked oat grains on fodder peas silage quality. Fresh fodder peas was harvested at full-bloom stage and ensiled with 3 %, 6 % 9 % and 12 % added cracked oat grains in plastic bags for 45 days. The crude protein (%), crude ash (%), ADF (%), NDF (%), P (%), K (%), Ca (%), Mg (%), digestible dry matter (DDM) (%), dry matter intake (DMI) (%), total digestible nutrients (TDN), net energy-lactation (NEl), net energy-maintenance (NEm), net energy-gain (NEg), fleig score, and relative feed value (RFV) were determined. The dry matter of ensiled fodder peas and cracked oat grain added fodder peas silage varied between 38.30-39.54%. The pH values were between 4.15-4.50 in silage of fodder peas and cracked oat grain added fodder peas silages. Fleig score values were varied between 101.47-118.21. According to the Fleig scores, adding 12% cracked oat grains to fodder peas during siloing may be recommended to obtain silage.

The Effect of Vermicompost, Mycorrhiza and Fertiliser Application Doses on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Seedling Development

Sezer ŞAHİN, Hakan KARTAL, Naif GEBOLOĞLU — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

In seedling production, it is crucial to consider the uptake of fertilisers and their benefits to the plant rather than just the amount of fertiliser given. Vermicompost (worm manure) offers numerous benefits, including promoting plant growth and regulating soil, as well as providing antioxidant effects and utilizing various waste materials in production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and fertiliser doses on cucumber seedling development. The cucumber variety Olay F1 was used in the study. This research was conducted as a field study with three replications according to the coincidence plots experimental design. The study applied different doses of vermicompost (0%, 10%, and 20%) with EC 0.5-1.00, both with and without mycorrhizae, to a 2:1 peat:perlite mixture for seedling growth. Cucumber seedlings received sufficient macro and micronutrients during their developmental period. The seedlings were uprooted at approximately 40 days of age. The height of the seedling in centimetres, the length of the hypocotyl in centimetres, the diameter of the stem in millimetres, the number of leaves, and the weight of both wet and dry leaves and roots were analysed. The results of the study showed that above ground wet and dry weights and root wet and dry weights of the seedlings increased with increasing vermicompost doses. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the leaves of the plants increased as the organic fertiliser mixture increased. The addition of mycorrhizae to the growing medium gave different results in the characteristics studied.

A Review of Energy Use Efficiency in Apple Cultivation: Case Study of Kırklareli Province

Cihan DEMİR — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This study aims to reveal the energy use efficiency (EUE) in apple cultivation. It has been conducted in Kırklareli province of Türkiye during the 2022-2023 production season. A number of calculations related to apple cultivation have been performed to determine the EUE and EUE indicators. According to these calculations in apple cultivation, total energy input (EI) has been found to be 27214.44 MJ ha^-1, total energy output has been found to be 53125.92 MJ ha^-1, EUE has been found to be 1.95, specific energy (SE) has been found to be 1.21 MJ kg^-1, energy productivity (EP) has been found to be 0.82 kg MJ^-1 and net energy (NE) has been found to be 25911.49 MJ ha^-1. EI in apple cultivation consisted of direct energy (DE) with 12425.70 MJ ha^-1 (45.66 %), indirect energy (IDE) with 14788.74 MJ ha^-1 (54.34 %). renewable energy (RE) with 4040.47 MJ ha^-1 (14.85 %) and non-renewable (NRE) with 23173.97 MJ ha^-1 (85.15 %). In can be concluded that apple cultivation in the trial area has been an economic activity in the 2022-2023 production season.

Modification of Branch Shredding Machine and Determination of Some Operational Values for Vineyard Pruning Residues

İlyas DEMİREL, Abdullah SESSİZ — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This study was carried out in June 2023 in the vineyard of a producer with a modern wire finishing system and traditional spreading system in Dicle district of Diyarbakır province. Pruning residues of Boğazkere (wine grapes), Öküzgözü (wine grapes) and Mazurmi (Şire) grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties were used as plant material in the research. In this study conducted to evaluate vineyard pruning residues and solve ongoing problems; The study was carried out at three different chopper blade speeds (1500 min^-1, 2000 min^-1 and 2500 min^-1) and feeding amounts, using two, three and four chopper blades on a machine produced for branch shredding. The effects of the number of chopper blades, chopper blade speed and feeding amount on fuel consumption, power consumption, engine noise and grain sizes were determined for three grape varieties. According to the results of the study, the highest fuel consumption was obtained in Mazurmi (Şire) grape variety as 1.260 l h^-1 (1.685 kg h^-1), while Boğazkere 1.075 l h^-1 (1.439 kg h^-1) and Öküzgözü 1.088 l h^-1 (1,454 kg h^-1) was the same in all varieties.While the effect of the number of chopper blades on fuel consumption was found to be statistically insignificant, the effect of the speed of the chopper blades on fuel consumption values was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). These values were found to be 0.987 l/h at 1500 min^-1, 1.332 l h^-1 at 2000 min^-1 and 1.303 l h^-1 at 2500 min^-1, respectively. For all three types, there was a significant reduction in particle sizes due to the increase in the number of blades and speed. There was an approximately two-fold reduction in size between the double blade and the quadruple blade. A high fragmentation rate of over 50 % was obtained when the smallest particle size was chopped with a four-blade chopper at 2500 rpm.

Determination of Bioactive Compounds in Different Parts of Sıyırma Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)

Ümit Haydar EROL — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Sıyırma gourd, a variety of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, is a locally grown plant that is widespread in the Kilis and Gaziantep regions of Turkey. This plant is known for its wide range of uses and significant nutritional values. This study investigated the phenolic compounds, organic acids, sugars and antioxidant activities in different parts of Sıyırma gourd (flesh, peel, leaves, seeds and flowers). The leaves showed the highest total phenolic content (25.12 mg GAE g^-1) and antioxidant activity (60.23 μmol TEAC g^-1). The peel (18.34 mg GAE g^-1 and 45.74 μmol TEAC g^-1), seeds (20.49 mg GAE g^-1 and 50.88 μmol TEAC g^-1) and flowers (15.75 mg GAE g^-1 and 40.36 μmol TEAC g^-1) also showed considerable phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The flowers were rich in succinic acid (35,952.35 µg g^-1). Sugar analyses showed that the pulp had the highest concentrations of fructose (9,155.62 µg g^-1) and glucose (10,503.37 µg g^-1). These results indicate that Sıyırma gourd contains important health-promoting compounds and that its different parts may have beneficial effects on health. This study aimed to understand the nutritional and health values of locally grown Sıyırma gourd and identify potential applications. In addition, the study suggests that the promotion of this local product could increase the added value of regional agricultural products and provide economic benefits to local farmers.

Increasing the Vase Life of Cut Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. ‘Baltico’) by Reducing Xylem Congestion with Some Solutions

Ezgi DOĞAN MERAL — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Microorganisms that build up in the vase solution or in the vessels themselves can clog xylem vessels, which is one of the main reasons why cut flowers lose quality. The length of time cut flower carnations last in a vase is determined by the genotype and other chemicals. The current study was carried out at Bingol University. In order to reduce bacterial decay and extend the vase life of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. ‘Baltico’) flowers, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of salicylic acid (SA) at (150 mg l^-1 and 250 mg l^-1), thymol at (150 mg l^-1 and 200 mg l^-1), and 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) at (150 mg l^-1and 250 mg l^-1). Vase life (days), which was determined as the number of days before the flowers began to wilt, loss of flower fresh weight percentage (RFW), daily solution uptake (DSU), bacterial counts in vase solution, pigment color (L, a, b) and several chemical component tests were all evaluated at the end of the experiment. In the study, it was determined that 8-HQC at 250 mg l^-1 (12,92 days) was effective on the vase life of cut carnation flowers and Salicylic acid at 250 mg l^-1 concentration (12,85 days) extended the vase life by compared to the control (10,83 days), (distilled water). Simultaneously, it emerged that 8-HQC at 250 mg l-1 was beneficial for the post-harvest stress mechanisms of cut carnation flowers. 8-HQC at 250 mg l-1 increased DSU, decreased RFW loss, and decreased bacterial counts to prolong vase life.

Effects of Organic Fertilizers and Mowing Times on Grass Yield and Feed Value of Italian Grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)

Vedat ESER, Zübeyir AĞIRAĞAÇ, Şeyda ZORER ÇELEBİ — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This study was carried out in the research field of Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops in the summer season of 2021-2022. The study aimed to determine the effects of mowing at different maturity periods and three different organic fertilizers on the yield and quality of Italian grass (milkweed). A master variety of milkweed was used in the study. Vermicompost, humic acid, and seaweed were applied as organic fertilizers, and DAP (Dıammonıum Phosphate) and ammonium sulfate were applied as standard fertilizers. Mowing was done at pre-flowering, early flowering, and late flowering periods. The experiment was established using the factorial trial design in randomized blocks with three replications. According to the results, plant height varied between 38.4-72.5 cm, and the highest value was obtained from vermicompost application in the late flowering period. Green grass yield varied between 3130.0-1347.5 kg ha^-1 and the highest yield was obtained from vermicompost application during the early flowering period. The highest crude protein content was obtained from all organic fertilizers in the early flowering period. Digestible dry matter and relative feed value reached the highest values in humic acid application before flowering. As a result, the early flowering period was determined as the most suitable harvesting time in terms of yield and the pre-flowering period in terms of quality. Organic fertilizer applications, especially vermicompost and humic acid, came to the forefront in increasing the yield and quality of the plant.

Investigation of Some invitro Biological Activities, Chemical and Pesticide Compositions of Extracts Obtained from Amygdalus communis (Almond) Fruit

Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Amygdalus communis (A. communis) consists of high levels of protein and unsaturated fatty acids, making them useful in dietary nutrition where natural resources must be limited. In this study, the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial properties, amount of chemical components, heavy metal composition, and pesticide residue amounts of chloroform and methanol extracts obtained from almond fruit were investigated. It was determined that the highest total phenolic component and flavonoid content in A. communis fruit was in the chloroform extract, and the DPPH radical quenching activity of the chloroform extract was higher. It was determined that A. communis fruit chloroform and methanol extracts caused powerful inhibition on the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains and Candida albicans yeast at low concentrations compared to standard antibiotics. Chemical component contents of A. communis fruit methanol and chloroform extracts were determined using LCMS/MS. It was determined that the major components in the methanol (Me-OH) extract were citric acid, chicoric acid, and 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively, and in the chloroform extract, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, and chlorogenic acid. The inhibition effect of chloroform and methanol extracts obtained from A. communis fruit on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme was tested. Pesticide residue analysis was performed for the A. communis fruit sample using GC-MS and LCMS-MS. The presence of Deltamethrin residue was determined in the tested sample content. When the obtained data were evaluated, it should be expected that A. communis fruit, with its rich biochemical content and strong antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase enzyme inhibition capacity, will have potential applications in the biomedical and food industries.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Aristolochia maurorum Above-groud Extract: Phenolic and Phytochemical Analysis

Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity, chemical composition, phenolic components, and fatty acid content of extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Aristolochia maurorum. The above-groud of A. maurorum were collected from remote areas in Havza and Kavak districts of Samsun province, Turkey. The plants were dried, powdered, and extracted with methanol. The total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, total tannin contents, and total proanthocyanidin contents of the extracts were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Additionally, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was measured. The fatty acid contents were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The methanol extract of A. maurorum above-groud contains high levels of phenolic compounds and exhibits strong antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content of the extract was found to be 12.24 ± 0.91 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content 27.45 ± 0.31 mg QE/g, total tannin content 28.41 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g, and total proanthocyanidin content 155.24 ± 32.20 mg CAE/g. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity showed an IC₅₀ value of 506.29 ± 38.35 mg/mL. GC-MS analyses demonstrated that the extract contains various bioactive compounds, notably eicosane, which is reported to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. In conclusion, extracts derived from the above-groud of A. maurorum are rich in phenolic compounds and exhibit high antioxidant activity. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the potential therapeutic uses of A. maurorum and could aid in the development of future plant-based medicines.

Effects of Alternative Mutagens on Chromosome Doubling during the Germination Period of Maternal Haploids

Merve ÇAKIR, Rahime CENGİZ — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The value and importance of breeding studies, in parallel with the demands and desires of the population that has been increasing for years, is understood better every day. New technologies have been included in breeding techniques in line with developing technology and opportunities. Haploid techniques used to shorten the breeding period have allowed the development of maize lines in a short time of 1-2 years. Colchicine mutagen is mostly used for chromosome doubling. Colchicine is a toxic substance to humans and animals. The active ingredients propanamide, trifluralin, and oryzalin were studied to identify less poisonous and more economical herbicides as alternatives to the chemical substance colchicine. Colchicine application constituted the positive control group, and dimethyl sulfoxide application constituted the negative control group. Haploid seeds were germinated and shortening-wounding was done in the coleoptile and radicle. Three different herbicide active ingredients, positive control, and negative control, were applied to the germinated seeds for chromosome doubling. The difference between treatments was significant at 0.01% for all parameters such as the rate of surviving plants, rates of male and female flower formation, rate of fertile male flowers, rate of selfed plants, and number of seeds per plant. Propanamide and trifluralin were successful for the fertile male flower rate, oryzalin for the number of seeds per plant, and all mutagens were successful for the selfed plant rate. It has been determined that the herbicide active ingredients applied during the germination period have a more lethal effect on creating viable plants than colchicine.

Investigation of the Effect of Boric Acid and Gibberellic Acid priming on Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Seeds against Drought Stress

Ferzat TURAN , Serap SAMUR — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Osmotic stress is a major concern in agricultural production because it can negatively affect plant growth, development, and productivity. In this study, the effects of Gibberellic Acid (GA₃) and Boric Acid (Br) on germination and seedling development as pre-application of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) seeds were examined. The research was conducted at the Field Crops Laboratory of Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture. In the experiment, the seeds were pre-treated with five different concentrations of GA₃ and Br (control, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 mg l^-1) before planting, and then four different concentrations of PEG (6000) (control, -0.4, -0.8, 1.2). Mpa) were subjected to drought stress. The experiment was conducted with three replicates according to a Randomized Plot Factorial Trial Design. In this study, the germination rate, germination power, seedling length, root length, water content, and seedling fresh and dry weight characteristics were examined. In this experiment, as drought stress increased, decreases in germination rate and germination power and negative effects on other seedling characteristics were detected. However, when we examined the germination and seedling characteristics according to the research results, it was seen that the application of 1.5 to 2.00 mg l^-1 Br in -0.4 Mpa PEG stress generally gave positive results against drought stress. As a result, it was concluded that Boric Acid application to rapeseeds under PEG stress conditions may be beneficial during seedling development as an alternative to plant regulatory groups.

Determination of Yield Characteristics of Different Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Varieties and Genotypes

Turgut YAVAŞLAR, İbrahim DUMAN — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Artichoke production is not well known in our country and the issue of growing quality, durable and productive products; It does not meet the expectations of producers, industrialists and consumers. This study is a research project aimed at obtaining standard and hybrid artichoke varieties by collecting and classifying genetic material that will enable the producer to produce more products per unit area, develop and produce disease-resistant artichoke varieties that meet consumer-industrialist expectations. In our study, 9 different commercial varieties and 21 different genotypes of artichoke were compared as shown in the UPOV criteria, and the necessary data were collected to reveal new varieties that meet expectations. As a result of the research, the highest value in terms of number of head obtained from the trial plots in the study was taken from the Bayrampaşa-Ildır genotype (19.67 pieces plot^-1). In terms of the number of main heads determined per parcel, Sakız-1 genotype was in the second statistical group with a value of 18.67 head. In terms of the number of main heads determined per plant, Opal F1 showed the highest yield value with 7.17 units plant^-1. The 600-23 variety and the Vural-Torbalı-2 genotype followed the Opal F1 variety with yield values of 5.88 units/plant and 5.71 units plant^-1, respectively. As a result, it has been determined that while developing new varieties from Opal F1, Bayrampaşa-Ildır, 600-23 and Vural Torbalı-2 genotypes, morphological characteristics of other varieties and genotypes can be used as breeding material in line with the expectations of producers, consumers and industrialists.

Molecular Genetic Diversity of 12 Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum Genotypes: EST-SSR Marker Analyses

Uğur TAN, Olcay ARABACI — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Conducting a genetic diversity study on Origanum vulgare using genetic markers is important to investigate the genetic variability and evaluation of the population structure of the species. Genetic diversity of Origanum vulgare has been determined with various genetic markers among different subspecies. Studies on the genetic diversity of its one of the most well known and widely grown subspecies, Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, have revealed high intraspecific genetic variability among different individuals within the species. In Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, employement of a molecular marker, Expressed Sequence Tagged – Simple Sequence Repeat (EST-SSR), allow the identification of distinct genetic profiles that can assist in cultivar identification and the comprehension of the genetic relationships within species. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of 12 Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Istanbul oregano) genotypes using nine EST-SSR markers. These EST-SSR markers (OR09, OR10, OR12, OR13, OR14, OR27, OR32, OR40 and OR44) were resulted total nine different alleles within all populations. OR9 primer have shown one unique alleles, reflecting genetic distinctiveness within the population. A total number of three clusters were determined in dendongram analysis (Neighbor Joining). The Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum individuals investigated in this study exhibited low genetic diversity, with low to medium genetic variation both within and among the five populations (A, B, C, D and E). This limited diversity is might be due to the isolation within and between populations and also small population size. Despite this, certain EST-SSR markers, specifically OR13 and OR40, have proven to be valuable markers for assessing genetic diversity. These markers can play a crucial role in further breeding programs for identifying new varieties within Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum populations.

Investigating the Impacts of Nitrogen Doses and Rhizobacteria on Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Yield and Quality Parameters for Sustainable Cultivation

Ali SUSAR, Aziz ŞATANA — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Rising costs and environmental concerns associated with chemical fertilizers in modern agriculture necessitate exploring sustainable alternatives. Plant growth-promoting soil bacteria offer a promising solution. This study evaluated the impact of nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactococcus spp., Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Acetobacter, and Azotobacter) on the yield and quality traits of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under different nitrogen application rates, both with and without chemical nitrogen application. Our findings suggest that co-inoculation with rhizobacteria can significantly enhance sugar beet yield. Under chemical nitrogen application, the B₁ + N₃ treatment achieved the highest storage beet yield (7713 kg da ⁻¹) and sugar yield (1444.00 kg da ⁻¹). In the absence of chemical nitrogen application, the B₂ + N₀ treatment showed promising results (5047 kg da ⁻¹ beet yield, 985.40 kg da ⁻¹ sugar yield). The study demonstrates the significant potential of bacterial applications for promoting growth and improving the agronomic traits of sugar beet, offering a sustainable and organic agricultural alternative.

The Effect of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Applied at Different Doses on the Growth Characteristics of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch, cv. ‘Albion’) Plants Under Salt Stress

Sinem ÖZTÜRK ERDEM — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants are an important agricultural crop due to their economic value and nutritional content. However, salinity stress is one of the significant environmental factors that adversely affect the yield and quality of strawberries. In recent years, advancements in nanotechnology have introduced new approaches in plant nutrition and stress management. This study aims to determine the effects of various doses of iron oxide (II, III) nanoparticles (NP₀, NP_0.01, NP_0.1, NP₁ mg L⁻¹) on the growth of strawberry plants grown under different salinity levels (T₀, T₃₀, and T₆₀ mM NaCl). In the study, stem length (mm), root length (cm), number of leaves, fresh and dry weights of root and stem (g), leaf area (cm²), and leaf relative water content (RWC) (%) were determined. Although the values of the examined characteristics decreased as the salinity doses increased, it was found that the application of Fe₃O₄ NPs mitigated this adverse effect. In the study, statistically significant differences were determined between the salinity doses in terms of root length, leaf area, and fresh-dry weight characteristics, and between the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in terms of leaf area, plant dry weight, and root fresh weight. The interaction effect of salinity dose and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles on stem length, leaf area, and plant dry weight was found to be statistically significant. The T₀ treatment exhibited the highest values for all examined characteristics. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles showed different effects depending on the characteristics studied. The highest stem length, 29.37 mm, was found in the T₀ × NP₁ (1 mg L⁻¹) treatment, while the highest leaf area, 33.05 cm², was obtained from the T₀ × NP_0.01treatment. The results indicate that iron nanoparticles could be a potential strategy to enhance the tolerance of strawberry plants to salt stress.

Evaluation of the Relationship between Harmonization Ratio and Some Yield Traits with Grain Yield in Oat Varieties

Abdulkadir TANRIKULU — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

It was aimed to calculate grain filling period (GFP) / vegetative period (VP) before and after the flowering period depending on the thermal times in oat and to determine the relationship between the harmonization ratio (HR) and grain yield (GY) with the formula HR_tt = GFP_tt / VP_ttand to determine the use of these values as criteria. HR values were calculated depending on thermal times. The experiment was conducted in Kahramanmaraş conditions between 2014 and 2016 for 2 successive years with 3 replications according to the randomized completed block design. Phenological traits were measured in relation to thermal times and significant differences were observed among cultivars. The highest grain yields were determined in Yeniçeri (507.4 kg da^-1) and Kahraman (489.2 kg da^-1) varieties, the lowest grain yields were determined in Faikbey (376.7 kg da^-1) and Seydişehir (386.3 kg da^-1) varieties, the highest harmonization ratios were determined in Arslanbey (0.517) and Kırklar (0.456) varieties, the lowest harmonization ratios were determined in Sebat (0.345) and Yeniçeri (0.350) varieties. There were significant differences between varieties and years in terms of grain yields and harmonization ratios, but no correlation relationship was found between grain yield and harmonization ratio. The results obtained will be useful in agricultural production activities and will be useful in terms of being determinant in oat breeding programs.

Determination of Physicochemical Properties of Organic and Conventionally Produced Preocessing Type Tomato Fruits

Kıymet Pınar ÇALIM, İbrahim DUMAN — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of this study was to compare the physical and chemical properties of tomato fruits formed by two different agricultural methods. The study was carried out with tomato fruit samples taken from producers supplying products to the organic and conventional markets during summer and winter periods under open field conditions. Fruit weight, hardness, sunburn rate, surface and pulp color, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, pH value, vitamin C, lycopene, total phenol amount and antioxidant activity of organic and conventionally produced tomato fruits were compared. Fruit weight and sunburn rate were found to be significantly higher in conventionally produced tomato fruits than in organically produced ones. It was determined that TSS amount of conventionally and organically produced tomato fruits showed significant differences with the values of 4.31 % and 7.51 %, vitamin C amount was 14.43 and 18.93 mg 100 g^-1, lycopene amount was 78.74 and 95.67 mg kg^-1, respectively, and was higher in organically produced ones. Similarly, total phenol content, antioxidant activity and fruit surface color (a*/b*) of organically produced tomato fruits were found to be significantly higher than those of conventionally produced ones.

Efficacy of Spinetoram Against Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Muhsin Yunus DERİCİ, Ahmet Güray FERİZLİ, Mevlüt EMEKCİ — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This study, conducted at Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Spinetoram (Radiant 120 SC) against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, across three temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C) and at 65% relative humidity. Adults of T. castaneum were exposed to soft wheat treated with Spinetoram at concentrations of 0.01, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 2.00, 5.00, and 10.00 ppm in PVC vials for of 1, 2, 3, 7, and 15 days. Bioassays at each dose rates were repeated 3 times with three replicates each. Adult mortality data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance technique and the differences between the means were determined by Tukey's test. Mortality rates were found to be proportional to the dose, temperature, and exposure time. At 0.01, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 ppm doses, mortality rates were similar to those of the controls. At 1 ppm dose, mortality rates were 37.04 %, 52.59 %, and 72.59 % after 15 days of exposure at 20, 25 and 30 °C, respectively. The mortalities were 80.74 %, 68.52 % and 81.85 % at 2 ppm dose, 92.59 %, 98.15 %, 90.37 % at 5 ppm dose, and 98.89 %, 99.26 % and 99.63 % at 10 ppm dose, respectively. The development of F1 adults was significantly suppressed at 2 ppm, with the suppression rates of 80.0 %, 63.7 %, and 45.3 % at 20, 25, and 30 °C, respectively. In conclusion, Spinetoram can be considered as an alternative to chemical protectants in the control of T. castaneum.