Opinion of Academicians Regarding the Use of the CRISPR-Cas System in Türkiye
Abstract views: 92
/ 
PDF downloads: 34
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13827271Keywords:
CRISPR-Cas, agriculture, livestock breeding, animal modelsAbstract
The field of gene control is huge and still much unexplored, and one way to modify and alter genes is called CRISPR. The purpose of this study is to discuss the application of the CRISPR-Cas system in Turkey and find out what genetics professors think about it, as it has been a hot topic lately. The study's findings came from a survey that was given to 26 academicians who agreed to engage in the research and are recognized authorities in their professions. According to 74.1 % of participants, CRISPR-Cas 9 was not well known in the Turkish genetics community and was only known by those in the field. The participants stated that the CRISPR method can be used to treat cancer and many genetic diseases 100 % of the time, to breed animals for high-yield breeds in animal husbandry 100 % of the time, to provide resistance and protection against many infectious diseases 84.6 % of the time, and to improve animal welfare 88.8 % of the time. Although 76.9 % of experts said that there is room for ethical debate over the use of CRISPR, 92.3 % of experts predicted that gene-edited animal farms will be built in the near future. A sizable majority of participants 92.3 % said that Turkey must develop and apply the CRISPR method to stay ahead of developed nations in genetic science, as well as for application in animal breeding and the treatment of genetic illnesses. Therefore, even if CRISPR technology has benefits and drawbacks, it's critical to create legislative guidelines that consider the environment, public health, food safety, global trade, and the moral implications of the CRISPR technique.
References
Akram, F., Haq, I.U.L., Ahmed, Z., Khan, H., Ali, M.S., 2020. CRISPR-Cas9, a promising therapeutic tool for cancer therapy: A review. Protein and peptide letters. 27(10): 931–944.
Akram, F., Sahreen, S., Aamir, F., Malik, U.L., Imtiaz, K., Naseem, M., Nasir, W., N. Waheed, H.F., 2023. An insight into modern targeted genome-editing technologies with a special focus on CRISPR/Cas9 and its applications, Molecular Biotechnology, 65(2): 227–242.
Ayanoğlu, F.B., Elçin, A.E., Elçin, Y.M., 2020. CRISPR-Cas9 teknolojisi ile genom düzenlemede biyoetik sorunlar. Türk Biyoloji Dergisi, 44(2):110–120.
Bolukbas, A., Gucukoglu, A., 2022. CRISPR/Cas9 teknolojisi ve gıda alanında kullanımı. Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies 3(1): 36-42.
Brokowski, C., Adli, M., 2019. CRISPR ethics: Moral considerations for applications of a powerful tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 431:88–101.
Burkard, C., Lillico, S.G., Reid, E., Jackson, B., Mileham, A.J., Ait-Ali, T., Whitelaw, C.B., Archibald, A.L., 2017. Precision engineering for PRRSV resistance in pigs: Macrophages from genome edited pigs lacking CD163 SRCR5 domain are fully resistant to both PRRSV genotypes while maintaining biological function. PLoS Pathogens, 13:e1006206.
Cao, W., 2021. Cloning and functional verification of the wax synthesis gene BoCER1 in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.). Dissertation/Doctoral thesis. [Beijing (Beijing)]: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China.
Chen, K., 2019. CRISPR/Cas genome editing and precision plant breeding in agriculture. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 70:667–697.
Cortina, J.M., 1993. What is coefficient alpha? an examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1): 98.
Cox, D.B., Platt, R.J., Zhang, F., 2015. Therapeutic Genome Editing: Prospects and Challenges. Nature Medicine. 21:121–131.
Cui, L., Wang, X., Huang, D., Zhao, Y., Feng, J., Lu, Q., 2020. CRISPR-cas3 of salmonella upregulates bacterial biofilm formation and virulence to host cells by targeting quorum-sensing systems. Pathogens, 9:53.
Dalkey, N., Helmer, O., 1963. An experimental application of the delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3): 458-467.
Furtado, R.N., 2019. Gene Editing: the risks and benefits of modifying human DNA. Review Bioética, 27:223–233.
Gao, R., Peterson, E.J., Voytek, B., 2017. Inferring synaptic excitation/inhibition balance from field potentials. Neuroimage, 158:70-78.
Gasiunas, G., Barrangou, R., Horvath, P., Siksnys, V., 2012. Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive ımmunity in bacteria. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 109 E2579–E2586.
Gim, G.M., Kwon, D.H., Eom, K.H., Moon, J., Park, J.H., Lee, W.W., Jung, D.J., Kim, D.H., Yi, J.K., Ha, J.J., 2021. Production of MSTN-mutated cattle without exogenous gene integration using CRISPR-Cas9. Biotechnology Journal, e2100198.
Gonen, S., Jenko, J., Gorjanc, G., Mileham, A.J., Whitelaw, C.B., Hickey, J.M., 2017. Potential of gene drives with genome editing to ıncrease genetic gain in livestock breeding programs. Genetics Selection Evolution, 49:3.
Hellmich, R., Sid, H., Lengyel, K., Flisikowski, K., Schlickenrieder, A., Bartsch, D., Schusser, B., 2020. Acquiring resistance against a retroviral infection via CRISPR/Cas9 targeted genome editing in a commercial chicken line. Frontiers in genome editing, 2:3.
Ishii, T., Araki, M., 2016. Consumer acceptance of food crops developed by genome editing. Plant cell reports, 35(7): 1507-1518.
Jiang, H., Tang, M., Xu, Z., Wang, Y., Li, M., Zheng, S., Zhu, J., Lin, Z., Zhang, M., 2024. CRISPR/Cas9 system and ıts applications in nervous system diseases, Genes Diseases, 11(2): 675–686.
Jiang, W., Maniv, I., Arain, F., Wang, Y., Levin, B.R., Marraffini, L.A., 2013. Dealing with the evolutionary downside of CRISPR Immunity: bacteria and beneficial plasmids. PLoS Genetics, 9:e1003844.
Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J.A., Charpentier, E., 2012. A programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial ımmunity. Science, 337:816–821.
Kalds, P., Zhou, S., Cai, B., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Petersen, B., Sonstegard, T., Wang, X., Chen, Y., 2019. Sheep and goat genome engineering: from random transgenesis to the CRISPR era. Frontiers in Genetics, 10:750.
Kan, T., Wang, C., Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., 2021. Progress of gene editing technology in ornamental plant breeding. Journal of Shanghai Normal University Natural Sciences, 50: 50–56.
Katti, A., Diaz, B.J., Caragine, C.M., Sanjana, N.E., Dow, L.E., 2022. CRISPR in cancer biology and therapy. Nature Reviews Cancer, 22: 259–279.
Lander, E.S., Baylis, F., Zhang, F., Charpentier, E., Berg, P., Bourgain, C., Winnacker, E.L., 2019. Adopt a moratorium on heritable genome editing. Nature, 567: 165-168.
Li, J., Wu, S., Zhang, K., Sun, X., Lin, W., Wang, C., Lin, S., 2024. Clustered regularly ınterspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-Associated protein and ıts utility all at sea: status, challenges, and prospects, Microorganisms, 12(1): 118.
Liao, J., Li, C., Zhang, S., Li, B., Ouyang, K., Chen, X., 2021. Development of CRISPR-Cas9 system and ıts application in plants. Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology. 23: 1–9.
Liu, X., Wang, Y., Guo, W., Chang, B., Liu, J., Guo, Z., Quan, F., Zhang, Y., 2013. Zinc-finger nickase-mediated insertion of the lysostaphin gene into the beta-casein locus in cloned cows. Nature Communications, 4:2565.
Locke, L.G., 2020. The promise of CRISPR for human germline editing and the perils of “Playing God”. The CRISPR Journal, 3: 27–31.
Makarova, K.S., Koonin, E.V., 2015. Annotation and classification of CRISPR-cas systems. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1311: 47–75.
Mali, F., 2022. Key socio‐economic and (Bio) ethical challenges in the CRISPR‐Cas9 patent landscape. Genome Editing in Drug Discovery, 315-327.
Mali, P., Yang, L., Esvelt, K.M., Aach, J., Guell, M., DiCarlo, J.E., Norville, J.E., Church, G.M., 2013. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science, 339:823–826.
Mao, Y., Botella, J.R., Liu, Y., Zhu, J.K., 2019. Gene editing in plants: progress and challenges. National Science Review, 6: 421–437.
Naik, B.J., Shimoga, G., Kim, S., Manjulatha, M., Reddy, C.S., Palem, R.R., Kumar, M., Kim, S., Lee, S., 2022. CRIS9PR/Cas9 and nanotechnology pertinence in agricultural crop refinement. Frontiers in Plant Sciences, 13: 843575.
Nishimasu, H., Ran, F.A., Hsu, P.D., Konermann, S., Shehata, S.I., Dohmae, N., Ishitani, R., Zhang, F., Nureki, O., 2014. Crystal structure of Cas9 in complex with guide RNA and target DNA. Cell, 156:935–949.
Oz, M.T., Altpeter, A., Karan, R., Merotto, A., Altpeter, F., 2021. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated multi-allelic gene targeting in sugarcane confers herbicide tolerance. Frontiers in Genome Editing, 3:673566.
Panahi, B., Majidi, M., Hejazi, M.A., 2022. Genome mining approach reveals the occurrence and diversity pattern of clustered regularly ınterspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-Associated systems in lactobacillus brevis strains. Frontier Microbiology, 13: 911706.
Perisse, I.V., Fan, Z., Singina, G.N., White, K. L., Polejaeva, I.A., 2020. Improvements in gene editing technology boost ıts applications in livestock. Frontiers in Genome Editing, 11:614688.
Pickar-Oliver, A., Gersbach, C.A., 2019. The next generation of CRISPR-CAS technologies and applications. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 20: 490–507.
Rao, Y., Yang, X., Pan, C., Wang, C., Wang, K., 2022. Advance of clustered regularly ınterspaced short palindromic Repeats-Cas9 system and ıts application in crop ımprovement, Frontiers in Plant Sciences, 13: 839001.
Ray, U., Vartak, S.V., Raghavan, S.C., 2020. NHEJ inhibitor SCR7 and its different forms: promising CRISPR tools for genome engineering. Gene, 763:144997.
Schleidgen, S., Dederer, H.G., Sgodda, S., Cravcisin, S., Lüneburg, L., Cantz, T., 2020. Heinemann T. Human germline editing in the era of CRISPR-Cas: Risk and uncertainty, inter-generational responsibility, therapeutic legitimacy. BMC Medical Ethics, 21:87.
Shin, J,, Jiang, F., Liu, J.J., Bray, N.L., Rauch, B.J., Baik, S.H., 2017. Disabling Cas9 by an Anti-CRISPR DNA Mimic, Sciences Advances, 3: e1701620.
Silas, S., Mohr, G., Sidote, D.J., Markham, L. M., Sanchez-Amat, A., Bhaya, D., 2016. Direct CRISPR spacer acquisition from RNA by a natural reverse transcriptase-cas1 fusion protein. Science, 351: aad4234.
Sorek, R., Kunin, V., Hugenholtz, P., 2008. CRISPR: a widespread system that provides acquired resistance against Phages in bacteria and archaea. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 6(3): 181–186.
Tavakoli, K., Pour-Aboughadareh, A., Kianersi, F., Poczai, P., Etminan, A., Shooshtari, L., 2021. Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 as an advanced genome editing system in life sciences. BioTech, 10:14.
Tian, H., Luo, J., Zhang, Z., Wu, J., Zhang, T., Busato, S., Huang, L., Song, N., Bionaz, M., 2018. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated stearoyl-coa desaturase 1 (scd1) deficiency affects fatty acid metabolism in goat mammary epithelial cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66: 10041–10052.
Tian, H., Niu, H., Luo, J., Yao, W., Chen, X., Wu, J., Geng, Y., Gao, W., Lei, A., Gao, Z., 2022. Knockout of stearoyl-coa desaturase 1 decreased milk fat and unsaturated fatty acid contents of the goat model generated by CRISPR/Cas9. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 70:4030–4043.
Tian, M., He, X., Feng, Y., Wang, W., Chen, H., Gong, M., Liu, D., Clarke, J.L., Van Eerde, A., 2021. Pollution by antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in livestock and poultry manure in China and countermeasures. Antibiotics, 10:539.
Tsveta, T., Lidia, S., Lora, T., Atanas, A., Ivelin, P., 2021. DNA-free gene editing in plants: a brief overview. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 35: 131–138.
Van Eenennaam, A.L., 2019. Application of genome editing in farm animals: cattle. Transgenic Research, 28: 93–100.
Wang, K., Ouyang, H., Xie, Z., Yao, C., Guo, N., Li, M., Jiao, H., Pang, D., 2015. Efficient generation of myostatin mutations in pigs using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Scientific Reports, 5:16623.
Wang, S., Qu, Z., Huang, Q., Zhang, J., Lin, S., Yang, Y., Meng, F., Li, J., Zhang, K., 2022. Application of gene editing technology in resistance breeding of livestock. Life (Basel), 12(7): 1070.
Wang, X., Yu, H., Lei, A., Zhou, J., Zeng, W., Zhu, H., Dong, Z., Niu, Y., Shi, B., Cai, B., 2015. Generation of gene-modified goats targeting MSTN and FGF5 via zygote injection of CRISPR/Cas9 system. Scientific Reports, 5:13878.
Xu, K., Zhou, Y., Mu, Y., Liu, Z., Hou, S., Xiong, Y., Fang, L., Ge, C., Wei, Y., Zhang, X., 2020. CD163 and pAPN double-knockout pigs are resistant to PRRSV and TGEV and exhibit decreased susceptibility to PDCoV while maintaining normal production performance. Elife, 9:e57132.
Yang, H., Wu, Z., 2018. Genome editing of pigs for agriculture and biomedicine, Frontiers Genetics, 9: 360.
Yuan, M., Zhang, J., Gao, Y., Yuan, Z., Zhu, Z., Wei, Y., Wu, T., Han, J., Zhang, Y. 2021. HMEJ-Based safe-harbor genome editing enables efficient generation of cattle with ıncreased resistance to tuberculosis. Journal Biological Chemistry, 296:100497.
Zakrzewska, M., Burmistrz, M., 2023. Mechanisms Regulating the CRISPR-Cas Systems, Frontiers Microbiology, 14: 1060337.
Zhang, H.X., Zhang, Y., Yin, H., 2019. Genome editing with mRNA Encoding ZFN, TALEN, and Cas9. Molecular Therapy Journal, 27(4):735–746.
Zhang, K., Lin, S., Li, J., Deng, S., Zhang, J., Wang, S., 2022. Modulation of ınnate antiviral ımmune response by porcine enteric coronavirus. Frontiers Microbiology, 13:845137.
Zhang, R., Li, Y., Jia, K., Xu, X., Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Liu, G., Deng, S., 2020. Crosstalk between androgen and Wnt/beta-catenin leads to changes of wool density in FGF5-knockout sheep. Cell Death Disease, 11:407.
Zhang, X., 2019. CRISPR/Cas9 delivery mediated with hydroxyl-rich nanosystems for gene editing in aorta. Advanced Science, 6:1900386.
Zhang, X., 2022. Development of CRISPR-mediated nucleic acid detection technologies and their applications in the livestock ındustry, Genes, 13(11): 2007.
Zhao, C., Liu, H., Xiao, T., Wang, Z., Nie, X., Li, X., Qian, P., Qin, L., Han, X., Zhang, J., 2020. CRISPR screening of porcine sg RNA library identifies host factors associated with Japanese encephalitis virus replication. Nature Communication, 11:5178.
Zhou, A., Zhang, W., Dong, X., Tang, B., 2021. Porcine genome-wide CRISPR screen ıdentifies the golgi apparatus complex protein COG8 as a pivotal regulator of ınfluenza virus ınfection. CRISPR Journal, 4:872–883.
Zhou, S., Cai, B., He, C., Wang, Y., Ding, Q., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Ding, Y., Zhao, X., Li, G., 2019. Programmable base editing of the sheep genome revealed no genome-wide off-target mutations. Frontiers Genetics, 10:215.
Zhou, S., Ding, Y., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Zhao, X., Li, G., Zhang, C., Li, C., Wang, Y., Kalds, P., 2020. Highly efficient generation of sheep with a defined FecB (B) mutation via adenine base editing. Genetics Selections Evolution, 52:35.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 The copyright of the published article belongs to its author.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
